Here is a comparison of Ariane’s Themis prototype in 2025 and SpaceX’s Grasshopper tests (2012–2013) and the early Falcon 9 reusability program (2013–2016). Ariane is 13 years behind SpaceX. SpaceX ...
Accurate prediction of radiative heating during rocket descent poses a fundamental challenge for reusable launch vehicle design. Traditional methods struggle to balance computational cost with ...