The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico uses a system of property taxation evolved from the 1893 Ley Hipotecaria mortgage law of the Spanish Colonial period. Based on 19th century agrarian economics, sugar ...

On July 23, 2025, the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) sent a news notice announcing the rollout plan for remaining NSRS modernization products, including OPUS Products Changes, and on June 11, 2025, ...

No audio available for this content. This newsletter will focus on the California Spatial Reference Center (CSRC) and the Geodetic Program at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). CSRC, founded ...

Geodetic network design and optimisation techniques are fundamental to ensuring precision, reliability and cost‐efficiency in spatial measurement systems. Modern approaches integrate classical ...

The initiative involves setting up precise reference points—known as geodetic control points—that are vital for accurate surveying, mapping, and planning. These fixed markers will serve as the ...

Accuracy—The closeness of an estimated value (that is measured or computed) to a standard or accepted (true) value of a particular quantity. Strictly, it only applies to absolute physical quantities, ...